<p>The Influence Industry's Voter Literacy Resources are designed for voters, community organisers, and educators around the world navigating data-driven political influence. You can find materials to run a Voter's Guide workshop as well as self-guided learning tools from around the world.</p>


The Influence Industry's Inform: Voter Literacy Resources are
designed for voters, community organisers, and educators around the world
navigating data-driven political influence. In these resources, you will find
materials for workshops and self-guided learning for voters around the world.

For Facilitators

For Voters 

Inform: Voter Literacy Resources

<p>Explore 500+ companies operating in the business of political influence through our interactive and open database or read the case studies from us and our partnerships on the influence industry, its role in specific countries and regions, and our research methodologies.</p>


In the process of researching and documenting how the Influence
Industry operates in different political contexts around the world, our
project and our partners examined over 500 companies that play a role in this
wider ecosystem — from global data brokers to local campaign consultancies. 

The Influence Industry Case Studies

The Influence Industry Explorer

<p>The Influence Industry Learning Hub is an educational guide to help you learn about the role of private firms in political influence and the collection, analysis and sales of political data. The Learning Hub is based on half a decade of research in over 20 countries, expert consultation and our curated library of resources. </p>
<p>Start from module 1 or dive into your module of choice if you already know what you’re interested in. Check out <ColouredLink href="https://influenceindustry.org/en/project/about/" theme="project">our team page</ColouredLink> if you want to get in touch with any queries, join our informational mailing list, or find out about our live workshops.</p>


These modules will help you learn about how political actors —
such as political parties, candidates or candidate-endorsing campaigns —
relate to one another. 

Digital technologies and the data-centered economies are
revolutionising how we live, interact, provide for ourselves and debate the
complexities of the human experience.

Learning Modules

Learn about the Influence Industry

<p>Learn about the features of influence in current political campaigns.</p>


Defining Political Influence

<p>A history of how technology has affected the shape and nature of political campaigning and communications, and why it matters to understanding the political environment we are part of now.</p>


History of Personal Data and Industry Mediation in Campaigns

<p>Read aobut how personal data becomes political data in political influence campaigns</p>


Data: From Personal to Political

<ul>
<li>The Political Data Technology Framework</li>
<li>Data as a Political Asset</li>
</ul>


Module II

Technologies Used by the Influence Industry

<ul>
<li>Defining your Research Questions</li>
<li>Sources for Your Investigation</li>
</ul>


Module III

Research Methods for Investigating the Influence Industry

<ul>
<li>Privacy and Data-Driven Political Campaigns</li>
<li>How Data Logic Alters Politics</li>
</ul>


Module IV

The Dilemmas of Using Personal Data for Political Influence

<p>In this module, you will be guided through definitions of key terms and concepts that will provide a foundational base as you continue through the Learning Hub. You will first define what political influence is, in order to better understand why the influence industry exists. You will learn about the history of political communications and mediators, and you will concretely define personal data. In each section, you will find reflections and activities that accompany the text. </p>
<p>Learning about the intricacies of the influence industry is important because only with details about its methods, an international perspective and an examination of the spectrum of companies involved can we understand how our political processes take place and how they can be regulated to ensure transparency. In this module, learn about the history and current environment of data-driven influence, how to define political data and the key concerns that should motivate us to be informed on this topic.</p>


An introduction into the industry that influences voters and elections.

The influence industry is not tied to one party, politician or even country. It is a global - and ever-expanding - network of data brokers, communication consultants and campaign technologists who advise political parties and carry out communications in the political sphere.

This module aims to introduce key concepts that are core to understanding this industry, including: key features that identify the international scope of the influence industry; the history of political communications and the role of mediating third parties from press to PR; and defining personal data and its transformation into political data for influence campaigns.

Sections in Module 1

More Learning Modules

Module I

Identify the features of the influence industry

Understand the history of political communications and mediators

Introduction to Personal Data and the Influence Industry

<p>Influence is the capacity to have an effect on the opinions, behaviours, and actions of others. The strategies, tactics and tools of influence can be utilised by many different groups. Political influence, in particular, is carried out by political parties, government organisations, election candidates and social justice causes.</p>
<p>The term influence can overlap with other actions these actors carry out including campaigning, informing, mobilising, persuading and responding to the public. Some examples can show the variety of forms of political influence: a political party in competitive democratic structures sways swing voters to commit their support to vote for their candidate; an environmental campaign encourages people who are interested in climate action to fly less; a misinformation campaign aims to disrupt the trust in a local media outlet.</p>
<TextBox text='<h3>Questions to Reflect</h3><p>Before you begin going through this module, take a minute to reflect about what brought you to this Learning Hub. Where or how did you become familiar with the topic and why are you interested to learn more? Is there a particular fact, experience or moment that stands out to you? What is your statement of purpose for starting the modules?</p>' />
<h3>In Practice</h3>
<p>In Kenya, bulk SMS packages from private firms for direct engagement with voters is a well-known practice during election seasons. SMS texts target many voters at once to request their vote or for them to otherwise engage with the political party such as by donating or volunteering.</p>
<Image src="/ourdataourselves.tacticaltech.org/kenya-vote-for-me.png" alt="An image showing texts from political parties asking for the vote of the receiver" caption="Examples of targeted text messages sent by candidates to voters, <a href='https://cdn.ttc.io/s/ourdataourselves.tacticaltech.org/ttc-influence-industry-kenya.pdf'>Source: The Influence Industry Data and Digital Election Campaigning in Kenya</a>" />
<p>Political influence relies on a variety of tools including traditional media such as newspapers, in-person mobilisation such as door-to-door canvassing, and cultural engagement such as books and theatre. Digital technologies have enhanced some of these and replaced others with new formats for influence altogether: from social media engagement to targeted advertisements on mobile phones, or even holograms of politicians<F>The Influence Industry Digital Platforms, Technologies, and Data in the General Elections in India, Elonnai Hickok, 2018, <a href="https://cdn.ttc.io/s/ourdataourselves.tacticaltech.org/ttc-influence-industry-india.pdf">https://cdn.ttc.io/s/ourdataourselves.tacticaltech.org/ttc-influence-industry-india.pdf</a></F>. You can find out more about these methods in <a href="https://influenceindustry.org/en/learn/what-technologies-does-the-influence-industry-use/">Module 2</a>.</p>
<p>A lot of the information available about digital politics is based on news stories, which do a good job at highlighting some of the big names, campaigns and scandals, but little to capture the complex landscape of digital campaigning tools, techniques and actors.</p>
<Quote text="What we are doing is no different from what the advertising industry at large is doing across the commercial space." author="Former CEO of Cambridge Analytica" />
<p>For example, Cambridge Analytica <F>Oral Evidence - Fake News - 27 Feb 2018, accessed 12 March 2019, <a href="https://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/digital-culture-media-andsport-committee/fake-news/oral/79388.html">https://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/digital-culture-media-andsport-committee/fake-news/oral/79388.html</a></F> has undergone several investigations of their data practices. But what is barely discussed or known is that there are more than 500 companies working in this industry who may be deploying similar techniques at an even larger scale. There is a vast system of tools, methods and companies that are routine and embedded into influence campaigns across the world.</p>
<p>The use of targeted advertising on Facebook has undergone substantial scrutiny, but there are many other methods that are used at scale that shape how political influence is taking place, such as a/b testing, search engine optimisation and geo-targeting. Donald Trump’s use of Twitter was controversial and captured the attention of many, but the use of social media platforms to influence elections takes place in different ways across the world: political parties in Zimbabwe and Kenya use SMS campaigns to reach potential voters, and candidates in India and Brazil use WhatsApp to share their information in less public forums.</p>
<Image src="/the-influence-industry-project/learninghub/tiip_v0.jpg" alt="image shows a distribution of dots and lines and some dots demonstrating Facebook and Cambridge Analytica" caption="Tactical Tech explores the influence industry beyond the companies and countries that make the headlines, Source: Tactical Tech" />
<TextBox text='<h3>Reading List</h3><p>The Cambridge Analytica Files, Carole Cadwalladr et al., The Guardian, 2017 - 2018, <a class="long" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/cambridge-analytica-files">https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/cambridge-analytica-files</a></p><p> Computational Politics, Zeynep Tufecki, First Monday, 2014 <a class="long" href="https://firstmonday.org/article/view/4901/4097">https://firstmonday.org/article/view/4901/4097</a></p><p>#digitaldeceit - The Technologies Behind Precision Propaganda on the Internet, Dipayan Ghosh and Ben Scott, New America, 2018, <a class="long" href="https://www.newamerica.org/pit/policy-papers/digitaldeceit/">https://www.newamerica.org/pit/policy-papers/digitaldeceit/</a>' />


Influence is a type of political communication that intersects and
overlaps with a variety of other political actions such as campaigning,
informing, mobilising, persuading and responding to the public.

Donald Trump’s targeted political advertisements on Facebook,
data brokers selling political profiles in Brazil, misinformation spreading in
India through WhatsApp, polarising identity campaigns in the UK, phone numbers
swapped between governments, phone companies, and security agencies in
Nigeria.... All of these news stories show the variety and depth of how
political influence takes place. This section provides an overview of the
different methods, actors and features that define influence campaigns.

Sections for Module 1

Section I

<p>When political groups engage with technologies for the purpose of influence, they often engage with industry professionals. These technology experts don’t just play the role of controllers, but also have qualitative input into the content, frequency and style of messaging that happens through these channels. The professionals perform different functions in the political process: they might control and manage the use of the technologies, mediate between citizens' voices and political groups, or provide strategy and direction for how to engage with technology.</p>
<TextBox text="<h3>Questions to Reflect</h3><p>If you think about a 'typical' political advertisement, where do you find the advertisement? What are the key features of it? What about if you consider a political advertisement from five years ago? How about ten? Think about your existing impressions of political advertisements as you continue through the section.</p>" />
<p>The role of mediators has changed as technology has developed:</p>
<h2>Printing Press and Traditional Media</h2>
<p>The development of the printing press made it possible to produce large quantities of newspapers and magazines to be made available to the public. The professionals that manage these print media are usually editors, reporters and journalists. The media can play various roles to not only communicate politicians’ values and policies, but also hold them to account. The accountability and transparency of political elites are integral to the functioning of most political systems.</p>
<h2>Television and Radio</h2>
<p>Media and journalism professionals also utilise the introduction of television and radio into homes through news programs. Furthermore, political campaigns and candidates changed their approach to political influence to incorporate visual elements that television provided. For example, political parties paid more attention to their clothes and the surroundings such as backgrounds at their conferences and the neighbourhoods in which they appear in interviews. Television and radio also saw an introduction of advertising space to be used by political parties.</p>
<h3>In Practice</h3>
<p>In the United Kingdom, official radio and television broadcasts are called Party Political Broadcast. Parties are not allowed to purchase advertising space; instead, they are allocated broadcast slots free of charge on broadcast channels using a formula set by Parliament that ensures a fair distribution across different parties. Below you can see a political election broadcast from the Labour Party in 1997, an election year in which the Labour Party won by a landslide.<F>Labour Party Election Broadcast 28 April 1997, YouTube.com, www.youtube.com/watch?v=dyaoRXAsGGo. Accessed 8 Apr. 2022</F></p>
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/dyaoRXAsGGo" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
<p>Labour Party Election Broadcast 28 April 1997, Source: <a href="https://www.youtube.com">https://www.youtube.com</a></p>
<h2>PR and Advertising Consultants</h2>
<p>A few consultants from commercial advertising were already engaged in political communications as early as the 1950s. Vance Packard described in his book, ‘The Hidden Persuaders’, how political strategies were designed to sell candidates to voters ‘like toothpaste’, and how public relations directors at the time boasted that ‘scientific methods take the guesswork out of politics’.<F>Vince Packard (1957), The Hidden Persuaders, 1957.</F></p>
<p>It became more popular for politicians to engage with these PR and private advertising agencies, and names such as Saatchi and Saatchi have been involved in politics. This not only led to more engagement with advertisers but also to professionals in political advertising. In 1960, for example, the Republican National Committee established their own internal advertising firm, Campaign Associates, “by handpicking ideologically sympathetic advertising executives from the nation’s leading advertising companies” <F>Martin, G., &#x26; Peskowitz, Z. (2018). Agency Problems in Political Campaigns: Media Buying and Consulting. American Political Science Review, 112</F></p>
<h2>Platforms, Social Media, Websites and E-mail</h2>
<p>Technology industry involvement in political influence from the 2000s is defined by the availability of e-mail and social media platforms, which allowed politicians in some ways to 'escape' the mediation of journalists and traditional press and to talk directly to constituents through their own email addresses or social media profiles and pages. In this environment, both traditional press and social media are used in conjunction with each other for political influence in what has been referred to as a hybrid media system.<F>Chadwick, A. (2013). The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power</F></p>
<Image src="https://cdn.ttc.io/s/the-influence-industry-project/learninghub/learn_anime.gif" alt="gif showing the progression from politicians talking to citizens, adding in mass media, then social media, then digital consultants" caption="The progression of the role of mediating companies and consultants in political influence, Source: Tactical Tech" />
<h2>The Influence Industry and Personal Data</h2>
<p>Data-driven technologies have created a new set of professionals employed by political groups to manage their communications. In this stage, personal data is collected and analysed to gain insights into constituents’ political beliefs. This process has become integral to the functioning of campaigns, in particular the use of personalised and targeted advertising. These techniques also focus on scale and quantified measures of success. Marketing consultants begin to play a much more substantial role in the political influence industry, alongside digital communications experts and data brokers.</p>
<h3>In practice</h3>
<p>Barack Obama's election campaigns for US President in 2008 and 2012 were heralded for their use of personal data. Data on voters was collected by door-to-door volunteers, consolidated with other private data sources, and analysed to produce scores for how likely someone was to vote for Obama, as well as on their general interests relating to politics, and from that deciding if and how to personalise content to be targeted to these segmented audiences.</p>
<TextBox text='<h3>Reading List</h3><p>How Obama’s Team Used Big Data to Rally Voters, Sasha Issenberg, Technology Review, 2012, <a class="long" href="https://www.technologyreview.com/2012/12/19/114510/how-obamas-team-used-big-data-to-rally-voters/">https://www.technologyreview.com/2012/12/19/114510/how-obamas-team-used-big-data-to-rally-voters/</a></p><p>Chadwick, A. (2013). The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power, 2012, <a class="long" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759477.001.0001/acprof-9780199759477">https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759477.001.0001/acprof-9780199759477</a></p>' />


Political groups, candidates and civil society have always adapted
their influence strategies to new technologies including the printing press,
telephone, radio, television, email, social media, SMS, apps and direct
messaging services. With each change in technology, the political processes
change, too. This sub-module explores how different technologies have changed
the nature of political influence.

Political groups, candidates and civil society have always
adapted their influence strategies to new technologies including the printing
press, radio, television, email, social media and direct messaging channels.
With each change in technology, the political processes change, too. This
section explores how technologies and the mediators of our communications have
changed the nature of influence over the last 100 years. 

Section II

The History of Industry Mediation in Campaigns

<p>Personal data is information about people - such as their demographics, opinions or behaviours - represented in “units of any size, whether pixels, photons, characters, strokes, letters, words” <F>Borgman, Christine L. Big Data, Little Data, No Data: Scholarship in the Networked World. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2015.</F> and saved in databases or spreadsheets. The term personal data has often been reserved, particularly legally, for data connected to an identifiable individual; however, the personal data driving political influence campaigns includes anonymised statistics about groups of people such as group profiles, website traffic or event attendance numbers.</p>
<p>The variety of types of data available is apparent in the diverse uses by political groups, who turn this personal data into political data - data representing the political opinions, behaviour or activities in a group. Organised groups volunteering for social causes as far back as the early 20th-century host members’ contact details, identifying membership numbers and the history of the members’ relationships with the organisation. Fundraising organisations have used personal financial data from individuals for processing donations. Humanitarian organisations, such as the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, founded in 1919, have collected and analysed personal data relating to people’s movements and behaviours to determine where their work will be most effective.</p>
<Image src="/the-influence-industry-project/learninghub/data_examples.png" alt="Image displays a description of contact data, demographic data, behavioural data, personality data, and public opinion data" caption="Some examples of types of data used collected, analysed and leveraged by political influence campaigns, Source: Tactical Tech" />
<p>The development of data-driven technologies in the last decades has increased the quantity and variety of data and subsequently the number of contexts for political influence within which personal data can now be used. Political parties can use data-driven technologies to optimise the content and format of their messages. For example, they can track which of their emails generates the most click-throughs to their website. Political candidates can target individuals directly through their email address and personalise the content based on any personal data they have gathered on them, such as demographic details or their previous interactions with them on social media or email. They can also use tools to track and analyse what people are saying on social media to try to understand public opinion, which can then be used to shape an organisation’s strategy or a party's policies.</p>
<h3>In Practice</h3>
<p>Political parties in Canada can keep voter files without needing to adhere to the same laws that regulate businesses' collection of data. By expanding these data sources and developing better analytics, the parties refine their categories of voters according to "supporters," "non-supporters" or "undecided." For example, the Conservative Party of Canada use this data to create a scale from -15 to +15 to rate how much an individual supports them, while the Liberal Party have a tier system rating from 1 (supporters) to 10 (those who may be hostile). In this deregulated environment, there is little transparency about exactly what data the databases contain or what modelling is performed to assess the final ratings of support levels.</p>
<Image src="ourdataourselves.tacticaltech.org/image-4-voter-files.jpg" alt="A screenshot of the Canadian Conservative Party’s scale of different voter support-levels, ranging from non-supporter (-15) to supporter (+15)." caption="A screenshot of the Canadian Conservative Party’s scale of different voter support-levels, ranging from non-supporter (-15) to supporter (+15), <a href='https://ourdataourselves.tacticaltech.org/media/ttc-influence-industry-canada.pdf'> Source: The Influence Industry Data Analytics in Canadian Elections</a>" />
<p>This data can be supplemented with less obviously political data, such as what our hobbies are, where we shop, or what level of education we have. This can get more and more granular and can be analysed and combined with political data, or assumptions, and used to create profiles for segmented audiences identifying them in various ways that are useful for the campaign, such as showing someone's support, or lack of, for a political group or their susceptibility to influence.</p>
<TextBox text='<h3>Questions to Reflect</h3><p>What does your hobby say about what you would want to hear from your local councillor? What do your spending habits say about your interest in environmental topics? Or how might your level of education be used to interpret your level of interest in politics?</p>' />
<p>The profile of you held by political parties can be understood as your data double or data shadow, or politically, as <em>perceived voters.</em><F>Hersh, Eitan D. Hacking the Electorate: How Campaigns Perceive Voters. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2015.</F> Understanding the political public or audiences that are relevant to political causes is often conducted based on these perceived voters.</p>
<TextBox text='<h3>Reading List</h3><p>Hersh, Eitan D. Hacking the Electorate: How Campaigns Perceive Voters. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2015.</p><p>Kreiss, Daniel. Prototype Politics: Technology-Intensive Campaigning and the Data of Democracy. Oxford Studies in Digital Politics. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 2016.</p>' />


Political groups collect personal data as part of their
operations. For example, contact data is used so that individuals and groups
can communicate with each other, financial data may be collected so that the
organisation can receive donations, and behavioural data is collected to
understand what topics people want to hear about and when. 

Political groups collect personal data as part of their
standard operations. For example, contact data is used so that individuals and
groups can communicate with each other, financial data may be collected so
that the organisation can receive donations, and behavioural data is collected
to understand what topics people want to hear about and when. Since the 1960s,
the available quantity and value of data has substantially increased across
all sectors, resulting in data-driven campaigns. When associated with a
political cause, group or candidate, this personal data becomes political data
- revealing information about the political interests, behaviours or opinions
of an individual or group. 

Section III

<p>In this module, you will be presented with <em>The Political Data Technologies Framework</em> developed by our Data and Politics team. The framework demonstrates how data-driven technologies used by the influence industry allow political actors to use personal data in three main categories: as an asset, as intelligence, and as influence. In each section, you will learn about a selection of technologies from each category and see how they have been applied around the world. You will also find reflections and activities to accompany the text.</p>
<p>Examining and understanding the tools and the mechanisms of the influence industry is critical for unpacking the ethics surrounding each tool - focusing too much on Facebook, for example, doesn't allow the conversation to include if the same concerns and regulations should be applied to the use of WhatsApp groups or A/B testing. </p>
<p>By expanding their knowledge of the industry, regulators and policy-makers can ensure their work is not overly limited to well-known scandals or tech platforms that have been in the spotlight. Investigators, researchers and election monitors can observe and scrutinise the full range of tools and tactics applied by political groups. Voters can understand better where and how influence might appear to them, to take more agency over how they form their political opinions. </p>


What technologies are used in digital political campaigning and how
does the Influence Industry use voter data to drive political communication?

Political influence campaigns engage a variety of tools
during election cycles. ‘Traditional’ political campaigning methods include
printed billboard and poster campaigns, radio and television political ads,
in-person rallies or door-to-door canvassing orchestrated by political
mediators. These methods were designed and implemented over time with changes
happening incrementally. By contrast, technologies used in digital
campaigning, sometimes called "campaign-tech" or "political ad-tech", have
accelerated in the past decade and are largely unregulated and nontransparent.
This chapter outlines a framework for understanding the different ways
data-driven tools can be understood (as an asset, as intelligence, or as
influence) with demonstrative examples from across the world. 

Sections for Module 2

Categorise uses of collected personal data within the Political Data
Technologies Framework

Learn about a sample of technologies used by the Influence Industry

Explore global examples and tools of the Influence Industry

<p>In this chapter, you will be guided through the steps necessary for conducting an investigation into how political actors use personal data in political campaigns and how to form questions based on some of the concerns that arise at the intersection of privacy and digital election campaigning. The chapter draws on examples of investigating elections from around the world.</p>
<p><em>About the Author:</em> <a href="https://www.praguecivilsociety.org/fellows/tetyana-bohdanova">Tetyana Bohdanova</a> is a researcher from Ukraine. Her work has been largely focused on election monitoring, digital security and voter engagement with an emphasis on how technology can be used within social movements and elections.</p>


Guest author Tetyana Bohdanova wrote this module to guide
professionals on practical steps and tips to research the Influence Industry,
specifically the use of personal data in an electoral context.

In this module, hear from our guest author Tetyana Bohdanova
about the approach, methods and available tools for investigating the use of
personal data by political actors in an electoral context.  

Sections for Module 3

Learn how to formulate a research question and process

Assess your capabilities and identify any areas that will require outside
support in the research process 

Evaluate the political context in which you wish to conduct your research

<p>The current political and economic systems that collect, process and sell data away from the public eye exploit individuals by misrepresenting the true cost of the exchange. Beyond that, when consumers don't have a viable alternative to the status quo, consent is less meaningful.</p>
<p>Understanding the impact of using personal data to create or enrich political influence requires a deeper comprehension of several already complex fields. There are many concerns about data-driven practices that require attention, including an inequality in access to the tools, which leads to increased gaps within society; as well as the accuracy and effectiveness of relying on computerised and quantified data to produce knowledge.</p>
<p>In this module, you will become familiar with several of the issues surrounding the current data-driven political campaigning model. This module is by no means exhaustive but can provide a basis to inform your work. The module will first examine the right to privacy and possible impacts of privacy disintegration. It introduces the concept of data logic and dissects the underlying assumptions of data logic. It also examines the effect of “permanent” campaigns, which are constantly enriching their databases, as well as what happens to the data during transfers of power or as leaders in tech become leaders in government or vice-versa.</p>


Data collected by individual’s browsing habits and connected
devices has become linked to decision-making across industry. In this module,
you will be presented several of issues with the current data-driven political
campaigning model.

As data-driven decision making becomes increasingly embedded
in our lives, so do ethical questions about the same practices. Technology has
proven to develop, iterate and change faster than laws, regulations and
education systems, often leaving individuals exposed and their information at
risk. In the excitement of imagining the new possibilities that technology
offers, questions of security and lasting impact can be overlooked. This
chapter examines multiple reasons to interrogate the use of personal data in
political campaigns, many of which pertain to the security and capacity of
citizens to participate in politics.  

Sections for Module 4 

Identify several issues surrounding the use of personal data in political
campaigns

Connect the right to privacy to political identity

Contextualise concerns about the effectiveness of data analytics within
political influence